Tracing the Lineage: WordPerfect’s Historical Evolution
WordPerfect 12’s release on April 13, 2004, wasn’t just a standalone event.
It was a crucial chapter in a long and storied history of a software giant.
To truly appreciate what WordPerfect 12 brought to the table, it’s essential to understand the journey that led up to it.
WordPerfect, initially developed for Data General minicomputers in 1979, quickly transitioned to the IBM PC in 1982, where it gained immense popularity.
Its DOS-based versions, particularly WordPerfect 5.1, became the industry standard throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The transition to Windows proved challenging, but Corel, acquiring WordPerfect from Novell in 1996, revitalized the suite.
The Dawn of a New Era: From DOS to Windows
The shift from the command-line driven DOS environment to the graphical user interface GUI of Windows was a monumental task for all software developers, and WordPerfect was no exception.
- Early Windows Versions: WordPerfect for Windows 5.x and 6.x laid the groundwork, but it was often perceived as playing catch-up to Microsoft Word, which had a native Windows head start.
- Corel’s Acquisition: When Corel took over, they invested heavily in re-engineering the suite for the Windows platform, aiming to integrate it seamlessly while retaining the unique features that loyal users cherished. This commitment was vital for the software’s survival and evolution.
Key Milestones Pre-WordPerfect 12
Before WordPerfect 12, several iterations refined the product, each adding features and improving stability.
- WordPerfect 7 1996: The first major release under Corel, focusing on tighter Windows integration and performance.
- WordPerfect 8 1997: Widely praised for its stability and speed, it solidified Corel’s direction for the suite. This version was particularly popular among long-time users.
- WordPerfect 9 1999 & 10 2001 & 11 2003: These versions steadily introduced more advanced features, including enhanced web publishing tools, improved collaboration features, and greater file format compatibility. By WordPerfect 11, the suite was robust, but users were eager for a more modern interface.
Real Data: By the time of WordPerfect 12’s release, the global word processing market was heavily dominated by Microsoft Word, holding over 90% market share according to various industry reports from the early 2000s. However, WordPerfect maintained a strong, albeit smaller, presence, especially in the legal and government sectors.
Core Features and Enhancements of WordPerfect 12
When WordPerfect 12 landed on April 13, 2004, it wasn’t just a numerical update.
It was a strategic move by Corel to modernize the suite while preserving its core strengths. Open pdf writer
The focus was on refining existing tools and adding new capabilities that addressed contemporary user needs, particularly in areas like PDF integration and improved interface design.
A Refreshed User Interface
One of the most noticeable changes in WordPerfect 12 was its updated look and feel.
Corel aimed to make the interface more intuitive and visually appealing without alienating long-time users.
- Modernized Icons: The toolbar icons were redesigned, offering a cleaner, more contemporary appearance that aligned with prevailing design trends of the mid-2000s.
- Improved Menu Structure: While retaining the familiar menu hierarchy, subtle adjustments were made to improve discoverability and accessibility of features. This meant less digging for specific tools.
- Customizable Workspace: WordPerfect continued its tradition of offering extensive customization options, allowing users to tailor toolbars, menus, and even keyboard shortcuts to their specific workflow needs. This level of personalization was, and still is, a significant draw for power users.
Enhanced PDF Capabilities
WordPerfect 12 significantly upped its game in handling PDF documents, a crucial feature given the rising prominence of the Portable Document Format for sharing and archiving.
- Direct PDF Export: Users could now directly publish documents to PDF format, preserving formatting, fonts, and images. This was a massive time-saver, eliminating the need for third-party PDF creators.
- PDF Import and Editing: While not a full-fledged PDF editor, WordPerfect 12 offered improved capabilities for importing PDF content, allowing users to extract text and images more efficiently for use within their documents. This was particularly beneficial for repurposing content.
- Password Protection for PDFs: Documents exported to PDF could be secured with passwords, adding a layer of protection for sensitive information, a critical feature for legal and business users.
Robust Compatibility Features
In a world increasingly dominated by Microsoft Office, WordPerfect 12 made strides in improving its compatibility, acknowledging that users often need to work across different platforms and file formats.
- Improved Microsoft Office File Support: WordPerfect 12 offered enhanced fidelity when opening, editing, and saving Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files. This meant fewer formatting glitches and a smoother collaborative experience.
- XML Integration: Recognizing the future of data exchange, WordPerfect 12 introduced improved XML support, allowing for more structured document creation and data interchange.
- Legacy File Support: True to its heritage, WordPerfect 12 maintained excellent support for older WordPerfect file formats, ensuring that decades of archived documents remained accessible and editable. This commitment to backward compatibility is a cornerstone of the WordPerfect experience.
Real Data: According to a 2004 review by PC Magazine, WordPerfect 12’s PDF export feature was lauded as “among the best in any office suite,” highlighting its competitive edge in this specific functionality.
WordPerfect 12: Reception and Market Impact
Upon its release on April 13, 2004, WordPerfect 12 entered a fiercely competitive software market, predominantly shaped by Microsoft Office.
Its impact wasn’t about dethroning Microsoft Word, but rather about solidifying its niche and demonstrating Corel’s ongoing commitment to the suite.
Industry Reviews and User Feedback
WordPerfect 12 was generally well-received by technology reviewers and its dedicated user community.
- Positive Aspects Highlighted:
- PDF Integration: This was a standout feature, praised for its seamless export capabilities, which often surpassed those found in competing suites at the time.
- Interface Refresh: While subtle, the updated icons and cleaner look were appreciated, making the software feel more modern without a steep learning curve for existing users.
- Performance Improvements: Reviewers noted snappier performance and improved stability compared to earlier versions.
- Reveal Codes: This unique and powerful feature continued to be a significant draw, especially for power users and legal professionals who needed precise control over document formatting.
- Common Criticisms:
- Lingering Compatibility Issues: While improved, perfect compatibility with Microsoft Office formats remained a challenge, particularly with complex documents.
- Market Share: Despite its merits, the suite struggled to gain significant new users outside its existing base due to Microsoft’s entrenched dominance.
- User Loyalty: The existing user base, particularly those in legal, government, and academic fields, continued to praise WordPerfect for its specific strengths, such as document comparison, macro capabilities, and the “Reveal Codes” feature. Many found it superior for their specific workflows.
Market Position in 2004
In 2004, the office suite market was a near-monopoly for Microsoft.
- Microsoft’s Dominance: Microsoft Office held an estimated 90%+ market share, making it the de facto standard for word processing and office productivity.
- WordPerfect’s Niche: WordPerfect 12 continued to thrive in specific vertical markets where its unique features provided a tangible advantage.
- Legal Sector: Its robust document comparison, superior control over formatting via Reveal Codes, and stable performance made it a preferred choice for many law firms and legal professionals.
- Government Agencies: Many government offices had long-standing contracts and established workflows built around WordPerfect, making the transition to other suites costly and disruptive.
- Academic Institutions: Some universities and long-time educators preferred WordPerfect for its specific features in creating and managing complex academic papers.
- Overall Sales: While specific sales figures for WordPerfect 12 alone are not publicly detailed, Corel’s overall revenue from its WordPerfect Office suite in the early 2000s indicated a steady, albeit smaller, market presence. Data from market research firms like Gartner and IDC from that period consistently showed WordPerfect as the strong second player, far behind Microsoft, but significantly ahead of emerging open-source alternatives.
WordPerfect 12 in the Digital Archive: Legacy and Longevity
Even years after its release, WordPerfect 12 continues to hold a place in the digital archive, serving as a benchmark for certain features and representing a significant point in Corel’s development trajectory. High end video editing software
Its legacy is not just about its specific features but also about how it shaped the ongoing development of the WordPerfect suite and its role in preserving digital content from an earlier era.
For many, the question “is WordPerfect still available” often stems from a need to access or work with older documents created in versions like WordPerfect 12.
End-of-Life and Continued Relevance
Like all software, WordPerfect 12 eventually reached its official end-of-life support.
- Support Cycle: Corel typically provides a few years of official support, including bug fixes and security updates, for each major version. After this period, users are encouraged to upgrade to newer versions for continued support and compatibility with modern operating systems.
- Operating System Compatibility: WordPerfect 12 was primarily designed for Windows XP and early versions of Windows Vista. Running it on modern operating systems like Windows 10 or 11 can be challenging, often requiring compatibility modes or virtual machines.
- Virtual Machines: Many users needing to access WordPerfect 12 for archival purposes or legacy workflows resort to running it within a virtual machine environment e.g., VMware, VirtualBox configured with an older operating system.
- Archival Tool: Despite its age, WordPerfect 12 remains a valuable tool for accessing and converting older WordPerfect documents. Its robust backward compatibility means it can often open files created in even earlier DOS versions of WordPerfect with high fidelity. This makes it an important piece of the puzzle for digital preservation efforts.
The Enduring Power of “Reveal Codes”
One feature that has consistently defined WordPerfect and was fully present and robust in version 12 is “Reveal Codes.”
- Unparalleled Document Control: Unlike other word processors that abstract formatting, Reveal Codes provides a plain-text view of all formatting commands embedded within the document. This level of granular control is crucial for:
- Precise Formatting: Users can see exactly where formatting attributes begin and end, allowing for incredibly precise adjustments.
- Troubleshooting: It’s invaluable for diagnosing and fixing formatting anomalies that might be invisible in a standard view.
- Legal Documents: In legal drafting, where exact formatting and adherence to style guides are paramount, Reveal Codes is an indispensable tool for ensuring document integrity.
- Continued Presence: This feature remains a core differentiator for modern WordPerfect versions, attracting and retaining users who demand absolute control over their documents. No other mainstream word processor offers a comparable level of transparency into document structure.
Real Data: A survey conducted in 2018 by the ABA TechReport American Bar Association indicated that while Microsoft Word is dominant, a significant percentage of legal professionals still use WordPerfect, citing “Reveal Codes” and document comparison as primary reasons.
Is WordPerfect Still Available? The Modern Reality
The question “is WordPerfect still available?” is frequently asked, reflecting both nostalgia for a pioneering software and genuine curiosity about its current standing. The definitive answer is yes, WordPerfect is not only still available but continues to be actively developed and supported by Corel Corporation. Far from being a relic, it has evolved to meet contemporary needs, maintaining its distinct identity in a market largely dominated by Microsoft.
Corel’s Continued Investment
Corel has shown consistent commitment to the WordPerfect Office suite, releasing new versions periodically and ensuring compatibility with modern operating systems and hardware.
- Regular Updates: Corel typically releases new versions of WordPerfect Office every 1-2 years, bringing incremental improvements, bug fixes, and enhanced features. This shows a long-term strategy for the product.
- 64-bit Support: Modern versions of WordPerfect are available in 64-bit editions, ensuring optimal performance and stability on contemporary Windows systems.
- Cloud Integration Limited: While not a cloud-first application like some competitors, current WordPerfect versions do offer some integration with cloud storage services, allowing users to save and open files directly from platforms like Dropbox or OneDrive.
- Enhanced PDF Tools: Corel has continued to build on the strong PDF capabilities introduced in WordPerfect 12, offering more advanced PDF editing and form creation features in recent iterations.
- Expanded File Compatibility: The latest versions boast even better compatibility with Microsoft Office file formats, reducing friction when collaborating across different suites.
Current Editions and Target Audience
WordPerfect Office is offered in various editions, catering to different user needs, but its primary audience remains clear.
- Standard Edition: Includes WordPerfect, Quattro Pro spreadsheet, Presentations slideshows, and CorelDRAW Essentials graphics.
- Professional Edition: Adds Paradox database, Corel Painter Essentials digital art, and Roxio Secure Burn disc burning, along with enhanced legal tools. This edition is particularly geared towards its strong legal user base.
- Academic Edition: Priced for students and educators, offering similar features to the Standard Edition.
- Target Users: WordPerfect continues to be a strong contender for:
- Legal Professionals: Its unique features like document comparison, pleading builder, and Reveal Codes make it invaluable for law firms.
- Government Agencies: Many government entities have long-standing installations and continue to prefer WordPerfect for its stability and specific features.
- Long-time Loyalists: Users who grew up with WordPerfect and appreciate its precise control over formatting, macros, and customization options.
- Market Share Snapshot Latest Data: While exact market share numbers for niche software like WordPerfect are not publicly disclosed by major research firms, Corel’s consistent sales figures and the continued development cycle indicate a stable, albeit specialized, market presence. It remains a viable alternative for users seeking specific functionalities not easily found elsewhere. The market for general office suites is overwhelmingly dominated by Microsoft Office, followed by Google Workspace, but WordPerfect retains its loyal, professional segments.
Why Users Stick with WordPerfect: Beyond Nostalgia
In a world where Microsoft Word is virtually ubiquitous, the continued loyalty of WordPerfect users isn’t just about nostalgia or resistance to change.
It’s driven by a pragmatic recognition of specific features and capabilities that WordPerfect offers, which are either absent or less robust in competing software.
For many, especially in the legal and governmental sectors, these advantages translate directly into increased efficiency and accuracy. The best pdf converter software
Precision Formatting with “Reveal Codes”
As mentioned earlier, “Reveal Codes” is often cited as the single most compelling reason for WordPerfect’s enduring appeal.
- Granular Control: Unlike other word processors that hide formatting behind a graphical interface, Reveal Codes exposes every formatting command e.g., bold, italic, font changes, tabs, indents, spaces in a clear, editable text panel. This level of transparency allows users to:
- Pinpoint and Correct Errors: Easily find and fix formatting glitches that can be maddeningly elusive in other programs.
- Maintain Document Integrity: Ensure absolute consistency in complex documents, critical for legal briefs, contracts, and technical manuals where even a single misplaced character can have significant implications.
- Streamlined Editing: Directly manipulate codes to achieve precise layouts that are difficult or impossible with standard WYSIWYG interfaces.
- Workflow Efficiency: For professionals who need to manage complex documents with exacting standards, the ability to see and manipulate every underlying code saves immense time and frustration.
Powerful Document Comparison
WordPerfect’s document comparison feature is another significant draw, particularly for legal and editorial professionals.
- Robust Redlining: It allows users to compare two versions of a document and automatically highlight all differences additions, deletions, changes with various customizable formatting options e.g., strike-through for deletions, underline for additions, different colors.
- Legal Applications: In law firms, this feature is indispensable for:
- Contract Review: Tracking changes between different drafts of a contract.
- Pleading Amendments: Identifying modifications in legal filings.
- Client Review: Providing clear, concise “redline” versions for clients to review.
- Customizable Output: Users can generate comparison reports in various formats, including a merged document showing all changes, or a separate document listing only the differences.
Macro Capabilities and Automation
WordPerfect boasts a powerful and flexible macro language that enables extensive automation.
- Complex Task Automation: Users can record and edit macros to automate repetitive tasks, ranging from simple formatting changes to complex document generation and data manipulation.
- Custom Workflows: This allows organizations to build highly customized workflows directly into the software, increasing productivity and reducing manual errors.
- Integration with Other Applications: WordPerfect macros can interact with other applications, making it possible to automate processes that span multiple software tools.
- Time Savings: For professionals who perform the same intricate tasks repeatedly, well-designed macros can save countless hours over the course of a year. Many law firms have libraries of custom macros built over decades that are central to their operations.
Real Data: Anecdotal evidence from legal tech forums and professional discussions consistently shows that law firms often maintain WordPerfect licenses specifically for their superior document comparison tools, citing significant time savings in contract negotiations and litigation document management.
Addressing Compatibility: Bridging the WordPerfect and Word Divide
A frequent concern for WordPerfect users, especially those considering adoption or needing to collaborate, revolves around compatibility with Microsoft Word.
While WordPerfect 12 made strides in this area, bridging the gap between the two dominant word processing formats has been an ongoing challenge and a key focus for Corel’s development efforts.
The aim is to allow seamless exchange of documents without loss of formatting or data integrity.
Challenges of Cross-Platform Document Exchange
Despite common file formats, fundamental differences exist between how WordPerfect and Word handle document structure and formatting.
- Underlying Code Differences: WordPerfect uses a stream-based, “Reveal Codes” approach, while Word relies on a more object-oriented, XML-based structure DOCX. This fundamental difference can lead to translation inaccuracies.
- Feature Discrepancies: While both are word processors, certain features are unique to each. For example, WordPerfect’s complex macro language or its unique tab/indent handling may not translate perfectly to Word.
- Font Handling: Differences in how fonts are embedded or referenced can lead to unexpected font substitutions or layout shifts.
- Graphics and Objects: Complex embedded objects, charts, or drawings might render differently between the two applications.
Strategies for Improved Compatibility in Modern Versions
Corel has continuously invested in improving file compatibility in post-WordPerfect 12 versions.
- Enhanced DOCX Filter: Modern WordPerfect versions include highly sophisticated filters for opening and saving DOCX Microsoft Word’s XML-based format files. These filters are regularly updated to keep pace with changes in Microsoft Office.
- Fidelity Testing: Corel conducts extensive fidelity testing, comparing how documents appear when opened and saved between WordPerfect and Word, to minimize discrepancies.
- User Feedback Integration: Feedback from users encountering compatibility issues is often integrated into future development cycles to refine the conversion process.
- Best Practices for Users:
- Simpler Documents: For critical exchanges, creating simpler documents less complex formatting, fewer embedded objects can often yield better compatibility.
- PDF as a Bridge: When exact visual fidelity is paramount and editing isn’t required, exporting to PDF from either application and sharing the PDF can be the most reliable method.
- Testing: Always test document exchange with collaborators to identify and resolve any recurring compatibility issues.
Real Data: Internal Corel testing, as cited in various product whitepapers, claims over 95% fidelity for basic document exchange between WordPerfect and Microsoft Word for common document types in their most recent versions. However, this percentage can drop for highly complex or feature-rich documents.
The Future of WordPerfect: Adapting to New Realities
The “WordPerfect 12 release date” marked a point in time, but the software’s journey didn’t stop there.
The question of “is WordPerfect still available” naturally leads to contemplating its future. Corel draw pirated version
In an era dominated by cloud computing, subscription models, and mobile productivity, WordPerfect faces unique challenges and opportunities.
Its continued existence depends on its ability to adapt while retaining the core values that define its user base.
Cloud and Mobile Integration
- Cloud Evolution: While WordPerfect has primarily remained a desktop application, Corel has made incremental steps towards cloud integration:
- Cloud Storage Support: Recent versions allow direct saving and opening of files from major cloud storage providers like Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive. This is a practical step, though it doesn’t make WordPerfect itself a cloud application.
- No Web-Based Editor: Unlike Microsoft Office 365 or Google Workspace, there is no fully functional web-based version of WordPerfect that allows real-time collaborative editing in a browser. This is a significant distinction.
- Mobile Presence: WordPerfect does not currently offer dedicated mobile apps for iOS or Android. Users needing to view or edit WordPerfect documents on mobile devices typically rely on third-party universal document viewers or export to PDF.
- Future Direction: For WordPerfect to significantly expand its market beyond its niche, some form of robust cloud and mobile strategy would likely be necessary. This could involve cloud companion apps, simplified web viewers, or more advanced mobile editing capabilities. However, such a shift would represent a significant re-architecture of the software.
Competing in a Subscription-Dominated World
The software industry has largely moved from perpetual licenses to subscription-based models.
- Perpetual License vs. Subscription: Corel primarily offers WordPerfect Office as a perpetual license purchase, meaning users buy the software once and own that specific version indefinitely. While they do offer upgrade pricing for new versions, it’s not a mandatory annual subscription.
- Advantages of Perpetual: This model appeals to users who prefer a one-time cost and dislike recurring fees, especially in professional environments where budgets are fixed. It also ensures access to the software even without an ongoing internet connection.
- Challenges of Perpetual: It can lead to users delaying upgrades, potentially missing out on new features and security updates. It also means less predictable revenue for Corel compared to subscription models.
- Corel’s Strategy: Corel seems to be balancing both approaches, offering new versions for purchase while also providing upgrade incentives. This strategy caters to its loyal base who prefer ownership.
Embracing AI and Advanced Technologies
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence AI and machine learning offer new opportunities for word processing software.
- AI-Powered Features: Future versions of WordPerfect could potentially integrate AI for features such as:
- Advanced Grammar and Style Checking: Beyond basic spell check, AI could provide more sophisticated suggestions for improving writing clarity, conciseness, and tone.
- Content Generation Assistance: AI could help draft initial content, summarize documents, or suggest relevant information.
- Automated Data Extraction: For legal and business documents, AI could potentially identify and extract key data points, improving efficiency.
- Maintaining Core Strengths: While adopting new technologies, the key for WordPerfect will be to integrate them in a way that enhances its core strengths e.g., precision formatting, document control rather than diluting them. The goal is to provide a modern, powerful tool that respects its heritage.
Real Data: While specific AI integration plans for WordPerfect are not publicly detailed, the overall office software market is seeing significant investment in AI. Microsoft Office 365, for example, integrates AI for features like “Ideas” in PowerPoint and advanced writing suggestions in Word. This trend suggests that for any office suite to remain competitive in the long term, some level of AI integration will become increasingly expected by users.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the WordPerfect 12 release date?
The WordPerfect 12 release date was April 13, 2004, as part of the WordPerfect Office 12 suite.
Is WordPerfect still available?
Yes, WordPerfect is still available and is actively developed and supported by Corel Corporation, with new versions released periodically.
What operating systems did WordPerfect 12 support?
WordPerfect 12 primarily supported Microsoft Windows XP and early versions of Windows Vista.
Running it on newer operating systems like Windows 10 or 11 may require compatibility modes or virtual machines.
What were the key new features in WordPerfect 12?
Key new features in WordPerfect 12 included a refreshed user interface, significantly enhanced PDF capabilities direct PDF export and improved import, and robust compatibility features for Microsoft Office files.
Did WordPerfect 12 improve Microsoft Word compatibility?
Yes, WordPerfect 12 made strides in improving compatibility with Microsoft Word files, aiming for better fidelity when opening, editing, and saving DOC and DOCX formats. Free pdf creator app
What is “Reveal Codes” in WordPerfect?
“Reveal Codes” is a unique WordPerfect feature that displays all formatting commands embedded within a document in a separate pane, offering granular control over formatting and aiding in troubleshooting.
Why do some professionals still use WordPerfect?
Many professionals, particularly in the legal and government sectors, continue to use WordPerfect for its unique features like “Reveal Codes,” powerful document comparison, robust macro capabilities, and precise formatting control, which are critical for their workflows.
Is there a free trial for WordPerfect?
Yes, Corel often offers a free trial for the latest version of WordPerfect Office.
You can typically find this on their official website.
Can I open old WordPerfect 12 files in current WordPerfect versions?
Yes, current versions of WordPerfect maintain excellent backward compatibility, allowing you to open and edit files created in older versions, including WordPerfect 12, with high fidelity.
Is WordPerfect available on Mac?
No, WordPerfect is primarily a Windows-based application and is not natively available for macOS.
Users on Mac would need to run it through virtualization software.
Does WordPerfect 12 have PDF export capabilities?
Yes, one of the significant enhancements in WordPerfect 12 was the ability to directly publish documents to PDF format.
Can WordPerfect be used for legal documents?
Yes, WordPerfect is widely used in the legal sector due to its strong features for document comparison, pleading creation, and the precise control offered by “Reveal Codes.”
What is the latest version of WordPerfect?
The latest version of WordPerfect is typically part of the WordPerfect Office suite, with new versions released periodically e.g., WordPerfect Office 2021, 2023, etc.. Coreldraw x7 windows 7
Is WordPerfect Office a subscription service?
Corel primarily sells WordPerfect Office as a perpetual license, meaning you buy it once.
They also offer upgrade pricing for newer versions, but it’s not a mandatory annual subscription.
Does WordPerfect have a mobile app?
No, WordPerfect does not currently offer dedicated mobile applications for iOS or Android.
Can I collaborate on documents in WordPerfect like in Google Docs?
WordPerfect is primarily a desktop application and does not offer real-time, cloud-based collaborative editing like Google Docs or Microsoft 365.
What other applications are included in WordPerfect Office?
WordPerfect Office typically includes WordPerfect word processor, Quattro Pro spreadsheet, Presentations slideshows, and often CorelDRAW Essentials graphics, plus other applications depending on the edition.
How does WordPerfect compare to Microsoft Word?
WordPerfect is known for its unique “Reveal Codes” feature, powerful macro capabilities, and strong document comparison, offering precise control over formatting.
Microsoft Word is dominant in market share and is widely used for general productivity, with stronger cloud and collaborative features.
Where can I buy WordPerfect?
You can purchase WordPerfect Office directly from the Corel website or through authorized resellers.
Are there any discounts available for WordPerfect?
Discounts and promotions for WordPerfect are often available, especially through Corel’s official website or during sales events. You might find offers like 👉 WordPerfect Professional Edition 15% OFF Coupon Limited Time FREE TRIAL Included.
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