Bbcode to html text colorizer

To convert BBCode to HTML, especially for text coloring, you’ll generally follow a pattern of identifying BBCode tags and replacing them with their corresponding HTML equivalents. For instance, to solve the problem of coloring text from BBCode like [color=red]Your text here[/color] into HTML like <span style="color:red;">Your text here</span>, here are the detailed steps:

1. Understand BBCode Structure: BBCode (Bulletin Board Code) uses simple tags enclosed in square brackets, similar to HTML, to format text in forums, message boards, and some content management systems. The most common structure for color is [color=value]content[/color], where value can be a color name (e.g., red, blue) or a hexadecimal color code (e.g., #FF0000, #00FF00).
2. Identify Target Tags: For text coloring, your primary target is the [color] tag. You’ll also encounter other common tags like [b] for bold, [i] for italics, [u] for underline, [size] for font size, [img] for images, and [url] for links. The goal is to “bbcode to html text colorizer” and generally “convert bbcode to html”.
3. Use Regular Expressions (Regex): This is the most efficient way to parse and replace BBCode in a string. Regex allows you to define patterns to find specific text structures.
   • For [color] tags: A regex pattern like /\[color=([a-zA-Z]+|#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6})\](.*?)\[\/color\]/g can capture both the color value (group 1) and the content within the tags (group 2). The g flag ensures all occurrences are matched.
   • Replacement String: Once a match is found, you replace it with <span style="color:$1;">$2</span>, where $1 refers to the first captured group (the color value) and $2 to the second (the content).
4. Process Other Common BBCode Tags:
   • [b]text[/b] becomes <strong>text</strong>
   • [i]text[/i] becomes <em>text</em>
   • [u]text[/u] becomes <ins>text</ins> (or <u>text</u>)
   • [size=X]text[/size] becomes <span style="font-size:Xpx;">text</span>
   • [img]url[/img] becomes <img src="url" alt="image">
   • [url=url]text[/url] becomes <a href="url">text</a>
   • [url]url[/url] becomes <a href="url">url</a>
5. Handle Newlines: BBCode often treats newlines as line breaks. In HTML, these are typically <br> tags. After processing all BBCode tags, you can replace \n (newline characters) with <br>.
6. Escape HTML Entities: Before displaying or outputting the final HTML, it’s crucial to escape any HTML special characters (<, >, &, ", ') that might have been part of the original BBCode content. This prevents Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities. For example, if a user inputs [color=red]<script>alert('hack')</script>[/color], escaping turns <script> into <script>, rendering it harmless.

By following these steps, you can effectively “bbcode to html text colorizer” and transform raw BBCode into a well-formatted, safe HTML output suitable for web display. This process is fundamental for anyone looking to migrate content from older forum systems or integrate BBCode input into modern web applications.

The Essence of BBCode to HTML Conversion: A Practical Guide

Understanding how to convert BBCode to HTML is like finding a universal translator for old forum posts and modern web content. It’s a critical skill for anyone managing legacy data or building dynamic content platforms. BBCode, or Bulletin Board Code, was initially designed to offer simple formatting options in online forums without exposing users directly to HTML. This made it safer and easier for non-technical users. However, as the web evolved, HTML became the standard, and the need to bridge this gap grew. Our goal here is to dive deep into the mechanics, best practices, and the “how-to” of transforming BBCode, especially focusing on text coloring, into robust HTML.

Why Convert BBCode to HTML?

The primary reason to convert BBCode to HTML is interoperability and modernization. Many older forums and content management systems heavily relied on BBCode for user-generated content. Migrating this content to newer platforms, displaying it on modern websites, or integrating it into applications often requires converting it to HTML. Without this conversion, the formatting is lost, rendering the content as plain, unreadable text.

• Legacy Data Preservation: Billions of forum posts dating back to the early 2000s still exist in BBCode format. Converting them ensures these valuable archives remain accessible and readable. A study by the Internet Archive shows that over 60% of web content from the pre-2010 era relies on legacy formatting like BBCode.
• Modern Web Compatibility: Modern browsers and content rendering engines are built to interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. BBCode, being a proprietary markup, isn’t natively understood.
• SEO Benefits: Search engines primarily crawl and index HTML content. Proper HTML formatting, including semantic tags, can significantly improve a page’s SEO performance, making archived content discoverable.
• User Experience (UX): Properly formatted content is easier to read and consume. Imagine reading a long forum thread with no bold text, no colors, and no links – it would be a terrible user experience.
• Content Reusability: Once content is in HTML, it becomes far more versatile. It can be easily styled with CSS, manipulated with JavaScript, or integrated into various web components.

Core Principles of BBCode Parsing

Converting BBCode isn’t just a simple find-and-replace. It involves a systematic approach to ensure accuracy, security, and maintainability. Think of it as a carefully orchestrated migration, not a chaotic data dump.

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• Tokenization: The first step in any parser is to break down the input string (BBCode) into smaller, meaningful units, or “tokens.” For example, [b] is an opening bold token, [/b] is a closing bold token, and “Hello World” is a text token. This helps in understanding the structure.
• Abstract Syntax Tree (AST): For complex parsers, tokens are often organized into an AST. This tree-like structure represents the hierarchical relationships between different BBCode tags. For instance, [b][color=red]text[/color][/b] would be represented as a bold node with a child color node, which in turn has a text node. While a full AST might be overkill for simple conversions, understanding its concept helps in handling nested tags.
• Regular Expressions (Regex): This is your primary tool for simple to moderately complex BBCode conversions. Regex allows you to define patterns to match and extract parts of the string.
  • Greedy vs. Non-Greedy Matching: When using regex, be mindful of .* (greedy) versus .*? (non-greedy). .* matches as much as it can, which can be problematic for nested tags. .*? matches as little as possible, which is usually preferred for BBCode, e.g., [b]text[/b] [b]another[/b] will be correctly matched.
  • Capture Groups: Parentheses () in regex create capture groups, allowing you to extract specific parts of the matched text, such as the color value or the content within a tag.
• Order of Operations: The order in which you apply your regex replacements matters significantly. Generally, it’s better to convert specific, attribute-rich tags like [color] or [url] first, then broader tags like [b] or [i]. This avoids issues where a <b> tag might consume a [color] tag if processed incorrectly.
• Security (XSS Prevention): This is non-negotiable. User-generated content can contain malicious scripts. Always escape HTML entities (<, >, &, ", ') before rendering the final HTML. This ensures that any rogue <script> tags are treated as plain text, not executable code.

BBCode to HTML Text Colorization: The Practical Steps

Let’s break down the process specifically for coloring text, as this is a common and impactful conversion. This isn’t just about changing a word; it’s about making content pop and aiding readability, much like the precision of a skilled calligrapher.

1. Input Acquisition: Start with the raw BBCode string.
   • Example: Hello, [color=blue]this is blue text[/color] and [color=#FF0000]this is red[/color].
2. Define Regex for [color]: You need a pattern that captures both named colors and hex codes, and the content inside.
   • Regex: \[color=([a-zA-Z]+|#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6})\](.*?)\[\/color\]
     • \[color= and \]: Matches the literal [color= and closing ].
     • ([a-zA-Z]+|#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6}): This is the first capturing group.
       • [a-zA-Z]+: Matches one or more alphabetic characters (for color names like red, blue).
       • |: OR operator.
       • #[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6}: Matches a hex code, starting with # followed by 3 or 6 hex characters.
     • (.*?): This is the second capturing group. . matches any character (except newline), * matches zero or more times, and ? makes it non-greedy. This captures the content inside the color tags.
     • \[\/color\]: Matches the literal closing [/color] tag.
3. Perform Replacement: Use a replace function (available in most programming languages) with the defined regex and a replacement string.
   • Replacement: <span style="color:$1;">$2</span>
     • $1: Inserts the captured color value (e.g., blue, #FF0000).
     • $2: Inserts the captured content (e.g., this is blue text, this is red).
4. Iterative Conversion: Apply this replacement across the entire string. If there are multiple [color] tags, the g (global) flag in regex ensures all instances are converted.
   • Result After Color Conversion: Hello, <span style="color:blue;">this is blue text</span> and <span style="color:#FF0000;">this is red</span>.
5. Subsequent Conversions for Other Tags: Continue with other BBCode tags in a logical order.
   • [b]bold[/b] -> <strong>bold</strong>
   • [i]italic[/i] -> <em>italic</em>
   • [u]underline[/u] -> <ins>underline</ins>
   • [size=20]large[/size] -> <span style="font-size:20px;">large</span>
   • [img]image.png[/img] -> <img src="image.png" alt="image">
   • [url=https://example.com]Example[/url] -> <a href="https://example.com">Example</a>
   • [url]https://example.com[/url] -> <a href="https://example.com">https://example.com</a>
6. Newline Handling: After all BBCode tags are processed, replace \n (newline characters) with <br>. This ensures line breaks from the original BBCode are preserved in HTML.
   • Regex: /\n/g
   • Replacement: <br>
7. Final HTML Entity Escaping: This is the crucial security step. Before rendering the final output, ensure any remaining characters that could be interpreted as HTML are escaped. While the specific example of a color tag often involves escaping after content is extracted, a more robust solution would involve escaping the entire input string first, then applying BBCode regex to the escaped string, and finally handling newlines. This mitigates most XSS risks.
   • Example: If input was [color=red]Text with <script>alert('xss')</script>[/color], and you escape the original string first, the <script> part becomes <script>, which then safely passes through the [color] tag conversion.

This systematic approach to “convert bbcode to html” ensures a smooth, secure, and accurate transformation, preserving the integrity and presentation of your content. Big small prediction tool online free india

Handling Nested and Malformed BBCode

The real world of user-generated content isn’t always pristine. You’ll encounter nested tags, missing closing tags, and overlapping tags. A robust BBCode parser must anticipate and handle these complexities.

• Nested Tags: The regex approach with non-greedy matching (.*?) generally handles simple nesting well, like [b][color=red]text[/color][/b]. The inner tag [color] is converted first, then the outer [b] tag. This is why the order of operations matters. If you process [b] first, it might incorrectly consume the [color] tags as part of its content.
  • Strategy: Prioritize conversions from the inside out, or use a multi-pass approach where specific tags are processed first. For instance, process [color] tags, then [size], then [b], [i], [u].
• Malformed BBCode:
  • Missing Closing Tags: [b]This is bold or [color=blue]This is blue. Most regex-based parsers will simply leave these unconverted, or convert only the opening tag if the regex isn’t strict.
    • Solution: You can implement a validation step that checks for balanced tags. If a closing tag is missing, you might either strip the opening tag or force-close it (though the latter can lead to unintended formatting). For general conversion tools, leaving them unconverted is often the safest bet.
  • Overlapping Tags: [b][i]This is bold and italic[/b][/i]. This is the trickiest. HTML doesn’t strictly allow overlapping tags in the same way.
    • Solution: A full-fledged parser that builds an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) is ideal for this. It can identify and correct overlapping issues by prioritizing one tag’s closure over another. For simpler regex-based tools, overlapping tags will often result in incorrect or partial conversion, as the regex will match based on its pattern and might not recognize the intent.
  • Unknown Tags: [unknown]text[/unknown].
    • Solution: Simply ignore them. The regex won’t match them, and they’ll remain as plain text. This is preferable to trying to convert them to something generic, which could lead to unexpected behavior.

For advanced scenarios, a dedicated BBCode parsing library in your chosen programming language (e.g., Python’s bbcode library, PHP’s Text_Wiki_Parse_BBCode) often provides more robust handling for these edge cases than a simple chain of regex replacements. They typically use a lexer/parser approach that is more akin to how programming language compilers work.

Enhancing Your BBCode to HTML Converter

Beyond basic text coloring and formatting, a powerful converter can handle more features, improving its utility and appeal. Consider these enhancements to “convert bbcode to html” even more effectively.

• Smiley/Emoji Conversion: Many BBCode systems use simple text smileys like :) or :( that convert to image files.
  • Implementation: Create a mapping of text smileys to image URLs (e.g., :) -> <img src="/images/smile.png" alt=":)">). Perform these replacements after all other BBCode parsing to avoid issues where [url]:)[/url] might incorrectly convert the smiley within the URL.
• Quote Blocks: [quote]text[/quote] or [quote=Author]text[/quote].
  • HTML Equivalent: <blockquote>text</blockquote> or <blockquote><cite>Author</cite>text</blockquote>.
  • Regex: /\[quote\](.*?)\[\/quote\]/gs and /\[quote=(.+?)\](.*?)\[\/quote\]/gs. The s flag allows . to match newlines, important for multi-line quotes.
• List Items: [list][*]Item 1[*]Item 2[/list] or [list=1][*]Item 1[*]Item 2[/list].
  • HTML Equivalent: <ul><li>Item 1</li><li>Item 2</li></ul> or <ol><li>Item 1</li><li>Item 2</li></ol>.
  • Complexity: This is harder with pure regex as it requires understanding the block structure. You might need multiple passes: first for [*], then for [list].
• Code Blocks: [code]print("Hello World")[/code].
  • HTML Equivalent: <pre><code>print("Hello World")</code></pre>.
  • Security: Crucial to not escape HTML entities inside the code block if the intent is to show raw HTML code. However, if the code is meant to be rendered, then escaping applies. Often, the content within [code] is treated as literal text.
• Media Embeds: [youtube]video_id[/youtube].
  • Implementation: This involves extracting the video ID and embedding an <iframe> or <div> with a player. This requires careful sanitization of the ID.
• Attribute Stripping/Sanitization: For links ([url]) and images ([img]), you might want to sanitize the URLs. This means ensuring they use http or https protocols and don’t point to malicious sites. A whitelist approach for allowed protocols is best.
  • Example: Remove javascript: URLs from href attributes.
• Performance Considerations: For very large texts or frequent conversions, optimize your regex patterns and the order of operations. Pre-compiling regexes if your language supports it can also improve performance.

Security Best Practices for BBCode to HTML Conversion

This cannot be stressed enough: security is paramount. Converting user-generated content directly to HTML without proper sanitization is like opening your front door to any stranger. The risk of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks is extremely high.

• HTML Entity Escaping: As mentioned, escape all special HTML characters (<, >, &, ", ') in the raw BBCode input before applying any regex transformations. This converts [b]<script>alert('xss')</script>[/b] into [b]<script>alert('xss')</script>[/b]. When [b] is converted, the script tag remains harmlessly as text.
• URL Sanitization: For [url] and [img] tags, always validate the URL.
  • Protocol Whitelisting: Only allow http://, https://, and perhaps ftp://. Block javascript:, data:, file:, and other potentially dangerous protocols.
  • Domain Whitelisting (Optional): In some contexts, you might only allow links to specific, trusted domains.
• Attribute Filtering: If your BBCode parser supports custom attributes or complex tags, ensure that only allowed attributes (e.g., href, src, style) are passed through. Never allow onclick, onload, onerror, or other event-handler attributes unless you fully control the input.
• Sanitization Libraries: For robust security, consider using a dedicated HTML sanitization library after your BBCode conversion. These libraries (e.g., DOMPurify in JavaScript, HTML Purifier in PHP, Bleach in Python) are specifically designed to parse HTML, remove malicious elements, and ensure only safe tags and attributes remain. This acts as a powerful last line of defense.
• Content Security Policy (CSP): Implement a Content Security Policy on your web server. A CSP can restrict where scripts can be loaded from, effectively blocking many XSS attacks even if a malicious script somehow slips through your sanitization. This is an excellent addition to your security arsenal.

By meticulously applying these security layers, you can confidently “convert bbcode to html” without compromising the integrity of your web application or the safety of your users. It’s about building a robust, resilient system, just as a master architect builds a fortress. Best free online writing tools

Integrating the Converter into Your Workflow

Once you have a functional BBCode to HTML converter, whether it’s a simple script or a full-fledged library, integrating it into your existing systems is the next step.

• Backend Integration: If you’re converting old forum data during a migration, this process will typically run on your backend server.
  • Batch Processing: Convert large datasets in batches to manage server load and monitor progress.
  • Database Updates: Store the converted HTML back into your database, often in a new column or by overwriting the old BBCode. It’s usually wise to keep the original BBCode as a backup or for auditing purposes.
  • Error Logging: Log any BBCode strings that fail to convert or raise parsing errors. This allows you to manually inspect and fix malformed content.
• Frontend Integration (Real-time Conversion): For platforms where users input BBCode in real-time (e.g., a forum post editor with a preview), the conversion happens on the frontend.
  • JavaScript Implementation: Use JavaScript to perform the conversion as the user types or clicks a “preview” button. The converted HTML can then be displayed in a div or iframe.
  • Client-Side Security: Remember, any client-side conversion still needs server-side validation and sanitization before content is saved to the database. Client-side sanitization is for user experience; server-side sanitization is for security.
• API Endpoints: You might expose an API endpoint that takes BBCode as input and returns HTML. This is useful for microservices architectures or for allowing other applications to consume your conversion service.
• Version Control and Testing: Treat your conversion logic like any other critical piece of software. Use version control (e.g., Git) and write automated tests.
  • Unit Tests: Test individual regex patterns and replacement functions.
  • Integration Tests: Test the full conversion pipeline with a variety of BBCode inputs, including valid, invalid, nested, and malicious examples. Maintain a comprehensive suite of test cases to ensure new changes don’t break existing conversions.

Alternatives to Custom Regex Parsing

While regex is powerful, it has its limits, especially with complex, nested, or recursive structures. For enterprise-grade applications or highly flexible requirements, consider alternatives.

• Dedicated BBCode Parsing Libraries: Many programming languages offer battle-tested libraries specifically designed for BBCode.
  • Pros: More robust handling of edge cases (malformed tags, nesting), often include sanitization, better performance for complex scenarios.
  • Cons: Adds a dependency, might not offer the exact customization you need for niche BBCode implementations.
• Markdown Converters: If you’re building a new system, consider moving away from BBCode entirely and adopting Markdown. Markdown is simpler, more widely supported, and has numerous excellent parsing libraries.
  • Pros: Easier to write for users, highly readable even in raw form, extensive tool support, good for SEO.
  • Cons: Requires users to learn Markdown syntax, might not be a direct replacement for all BBCode features.
  • Migration Path: You could convert your old BBCode to HTML, and then new content uses Markdown. Or, you could write a converter that goes from BBCode to Markdown, though this is often more complex than BBCode to HTML.
• WYSIWYG Editors: For user input, a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) editor (like TinyMCE, CKEditor, Quill) outputs rich HTML directly, bypassing the need for users to learn any markup language like BBCode or Markdown.
  • Pros: Best user experience, immediate visual feedback, generates clean HTML.
  • Cons: More complex to integrate, can be heavy on page load, still requires server-side sanitization of the generated HTML.

Ultimately, the choice depends on your specific needs, the complexity of your BBCode, and the resources available. For a quick “bbcode to html text colorizer,” regex is perfectly fine. For a full-scale forum migration, a dedicated library or a multi-stage parser is likely the more prudent choice.

FAQ

What is BBCode and why is it used?

BBCode, or Bulletin Board Code, is a lightweight markup language used in forums and message boards to format text. It’s used as a simpler and often safer alternative to HTML for users, providing basic formatting options like bold, italics, colors, and links without exposing the underlying complexities or potential security risks of raw HTML.

What is the main purpose of a “BBCode to HTML text colorizer”?

The main purpose is to convert text formatted with BBCode color tags (e.g., [color=red]text[/color]) into their equivalent HTML <span> tags with inline styles (e.g., <span style="color:red;">text</span>), making the content displayable on modern web pages while preserving the intended colors. Free online english writing tool

Can I convert other BBCode tags besides color with this method?

Yes, the underlying principles of using regular expressions to identify and replace BBCode patterns apply to most other common BBCode tags like [b] (bold), [i] (italics), [u] (underline), [size] (font size), [img] (images), and [url] (links).

Is it safe to directly render converted HTML from user input?

No, it is not safe to directly render converted HTML from user input without proper sanitization. User input can contain malicious scripts (Cross-Site Scripting or XSS attacks). Always escape HTML entities in the input BBCode or use a dedicated HTML sanitization library on the output HTML before rendering.

What are the common types of color values supported by BBCode?

BBCode typically supports named colors (e.g., red, blue, green) and hexadecimal color codes (e.g., #FF0000, #00FF00, #0000FF, or shorthand #F00, #0F0).

How do I handle newlines in BBCode when converting to HTML?

Newlines in BBCode (\n) are usually converted to HTML <br> tags to preserve line breaks in the rendered output. This is typically one of the last conversion steps after processing other BBCode tags.

What happens if a BBCode tag is malformed, like [color=red]missing closing tag?

If a BBCode tag is malformed (e.g., a missing closing tag or overlapping tags), a simple regex-based converter might either fail to convert it, convert only the opening part, or produce unexpected results. Robust parsers often ignore malformed tags or require manual correction. Chatgpt free online writing tool

Can I use this tool for a large forum migration?

For large-scale forum migrations, a simple browser-based tool might not be sufficient. You would typically need a server-side script or a dedicated BBCode parsing library that can handle batch processing, database interaction, and more complex error handling for thousands or millions of posts.

What are the limitations of using regular expressions for BBCode conversion?

Regular expressions can struggle with complex, nested, or recursive BBCode structures, especially if tags are malformed or overlapping. They are generally good for simple, well-formed patterns but can become cumbersome and error-prone for highly flexible or unpredictable BBCode.

How do I ensure proper nesting of BBCode tags in HTML?

Proper nesting, like [b][color=red]text[/color][/b], requires careful regex design using non-greedy matching (.*?) and a specific order of operations (often processing inner tags or more specific tags first). For very complex nesting, a full-fledged parsing approach building an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) is more reliable.

What is the difference between greedy and non-greedy regex matching in this context?

Greedy matching (.*) tries to match as much as possible, which can lead to incorrect conversions if there are multiple instances of a tag on the same line. Non-greedy matching (.*?) matches the shortest possible string, which is crucial for correctly parsing individual BBCode tags without consuming subsequent tags.

Can BBCode convert to semantic HTML tags?

Yes, for common tags like [b] to <strong> and [i] to <em>, BBCode can be converted to semantic HTML. This improves accessibility and SEO compared to non-semantic tags like <b> and <i>. Tsv gz file to csv

How can I integrate a BBCode converter into a web application?

You can integrate it by:

1. Backend processing: Running a script on the server to convert content before saving it to a database or serving it.
2. Frontend processing: Using JavaScript to convert BBCode in the user’s browser, often for a live preview in an editor.
3. API endpoint: Creating a dedicated API that accepts BBCode and returns converted HTML.

What are some common BBCode tags that are not related to text coloring?

Common non-coloring BBCode tags include:

• [b] (bold)
• [i] (italics)
• [u] (underline)
• [s] (strikethrough)
• [size] (font size)
• [img] (images)
• [url] (links)
• [quote] (quotes)
• [code] (code blocks)
• [list] and [*] (lists)

How can I make my BBCode to HTML converter more robust against invalid input?

To make it robust:

1. Input validation: Check if the input is a string and not empty.
2. Strict regex: Use precise regex patterns that only match exactly what you expect.
3. Error handling: Implement mechanisms to log or report malformed BBCode that cannot be converted.
4. HTML sanitization: Always sanitize the output HTML to prevent XSS, even if you think your BBCode input is clean.

Why is HTML entity escaping important for security?

HTML entity escaping converts characters like < to < and > to >. This is crucial because if a malicious user inputs <script>alert('xss')</script> into the BBCode, and it’s not escaped, it could be executed as code in the browser. Escaping renders it as harmless text.

Can BBCode be used for complex layouts or responsive design?

No, BBCode is limited to basic text formatting and is not designed for complex layouts, grid systems, or responsive design. These are handled by CSS and modern HTML structures. BBCode’s purpose is content formatting within a pre-defined layout. Tsv vs csv file

Is there a standard for BBCode implementation?

No, there is no single, universally accepted standard for BBCode. Implementations can vary between different forum software (e.g., phpBB, vBulletin, XenForo), leading to slight differences in supported tags or attribute handling. This makes a universal converter challenging.

What is the role of <span> tags in BBCode color conversion?

The <span> tag is an inline HTML element that is used to group inline-elements in a document. It’s perfect for applying styles like color without affecting the layout or structure of the text, making it the ideal HTML equivalent for [color] BBCode tags.

Should I store BBCode or converted HTML in my database?

For most modern applications, it’s recommended to store the converted HTML in your database, as it’s directly renderable and better for performance and SEO. However, it’s often a good practice to also store the original BBCode in a separate column as a backup, in case you need to re-convert it with updated logic or migrate to a different format in the future.

into the BBCode, and it's not escaped, it could be executed as code in the browser. Escaping renders it as harmless text."
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